Los factores psicosociales en el dolor crónico.
Intervención fisioterapéutica desde un enfoque biopsicosocial.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37536/RIECS.2018.3.1.71Keywords:
Dolor crónico, Fisioterapia, Salud mentalAbstract
El 80% de las consultas médicas son por dolor, de las cuales el 30% se refieren a dolor crónico. Frecuentemente, los pacientes con dolor crónico son derivados a las Unidades de Fisioterapia para su tratamiento. Se utilizan diferentes técnicas y modalidades de tratamiento enfocadas a la disminución de la sintomatología. Los criterios de elección para el abordaje de estos procesos varían en base a la formación, especialización y experiencia profesional del fisioterapeuta. El dolor, considerado como un síntoma, es tratado desde un enfoque fundamentalmente biomédico con métodos mecanicistas, lo que lleva en ocasiones a un pobre resultado terapéutico. En la actualidad ya se cuenta con estudios suficientes que permiten entender la influencia de los factores psicosociales y emocionales sobre la percepción del dolor crónico y la importancia de tenerlos en cuenta en los abordajes terapéuticos. En este sentido, el modelo biopsicosocial propone un tratamiento integral del sujeto, lo que contribuye a aumentar la calidad de la atención fisioterapéutica, mejorando la eficacia de los tratamientos, los resultados clínicos y la gestión de los recursos. Los programas de Educación para la Salud que contemplan, además de los factores físicos y cognitivos, también factores emocionales a través de técnicas de reestructuración cognitiva, manejo de la atención, gestión de emociones y ejercicio terapéutico, proporcionan una herramienta muy valiosa al fisioterapeuta para el abordaje de estos procesos.
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